The control group (M = 14. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Third level headings (if necessary) are indented like the normal paragraphs that they start off. Number of people arrested for drunken driving as related to the day of the week. When a source has six or more authors, the first author’s last name and “et al. One hint in this regard is to avoid using action verbs in this section.
4 Homosexuality 13. Also, capitalize the important words of the journal title. In other words, you could have the procedure come before the design. Note that figures are not typed, and so do not have a manuscript page header and page number. As another example, suppose that you compared drug use (as determined from the results of a survey) with memory ability and found a correlation (greater use went along with poorer memory performance). 0012, suggesting that there was a relationship between gender and confidence in map reading skills. Version 1 of this document went online 8/96. Start on a new page.
Be careful not to describe procedures in this section. Second level headings are flush left and italicized. 0012, suggesting that there was a relationship between gender and confidence in map reading skills. Second level headings are flush left and italicized. Read what writing experts say each week about all aspects of writing and style—from publication ethics to.
” are used every time the source is cited (including the first time). This section can be lengthy (depending upon how much material is presented). Briefly state the main findings in words. Thus, the words of the third level heading lead off the paragraph, are separated from it by a period, and are italicized. This section should present the relevant literature and ideas. Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page.
If animals are used, use the term subjects. “If you want to change the world, pick up your pen and write.
Research Reviews
There are a number of kinds of research reviews. This section is not unlike the introduction for a research report. Discussion Do not purposely start a new page for this section.
Carefully describe any stimuli, questionnaires, and so forth. 1) remembered more words on the memory test than the drugged group (M = 12. While 60% of the males agreed that their map reading skills were strong, only 35% of the females did. You must give the dimensions (and perhaps other descriptive details) of any important items used in the study. Psychology with style: A hypertext writing guide (Version 5). Version 1 of this document went online 8/96.
It is often useful to use headings (and perhaps subheadings) in the body of the research report to help communicate the outline and organization of the paper to the reader. If the design is particularly
complicated (multiple IVs in a factorial experiment, for example), you might also include a separate Design subsection or have a “Design and Procedure” section. This difference was tested using an independent groups t test, and was shown to be nonsignificant, t(18) = 1. View in PDF Format ; An APA. Since you are writing for the scientific community, you can assume the reader will have a working knowledge of statistics.
Main thesis about writing apa style
5 Genital terminology 12. 6 Menstruation 11. For example, suppose you manipulated whether subjects received a drug (while employing appropriate control procedures, etc. Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. It provides several types of references, including: Single and multiple author, journal articles, book, and book chapter, web page, as well as a government document. Introduction Begins on page 3 (after the title page and abstract).
Indicate what a typical test, trial, or session involved. A 2 x 2 Chi Square analysis revealed that this was a significant difference, x2 (1, N = 119) = 10. In other words, tell the reader about the main findings without using statistical terminology. Use these wisely to explain what is going on in the table or figure. If you include a table or figure, you must introduce it in the text of the results section (e. The manuscript page header is the first thing that appears on the title page. Tables and figures are most often used to present results, but may also be used to present other information, such as the design or a theoretical schema. Tables and figures are most often used to present results, but may also be used to present other information, such as the design or a theoretical schema. See some examples of the correct way to present the results of several common statistical tests.
Appendix 1 – Example Title Page (below)
Attitudes Towards Abortion 1 Running head: ABORTION ATTITUDES IN COLLEGE STUDENTS Attitudes Towards Abortion in Midwestern College Students Mark Plonsky University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point In partial fulfillment of the requirements for PSY389 Instructor’s Name Date Appendix 2 – Example Ways to Present Results (below) manuscript page header page number An examination of the number of hours of television viewing and the frequency of aggressive acts for each of the 60 children revealed a positive or direct correlation between television viewing and instances of aggressive behavior. It is often useful to use headings (and perhaps subheadings) in the body of the research report to help communicate the outline and organization of the paper to the reader.
This resource, revised according to the 6th . This paragraph should appear at the end of the introduction just before the actual body of the paper and is important because it lets the reader know the directions that the paper will take. A 2 x 2 Chi Square analysis revealed that this was a significant difference, x2 (1, N = 119) = 10. Psychology with style: A hypertext writing guide (Version 5). Start on a new page. Note that figures are not typed, and so do not have a manuscript page header and page number. Conclusions Finally, you need an ending section, in which, you summarize the main points you have made. You could describe a phenomenon, review an existing theory or present a new one. Avoid unnecessary details like the data were displayed on the computer screen and recorded on the data sheet(s). For example, instead of saying Group 1 or the experimental group, you might say the drugged group. Body If you use headings, the primary main heading levels should be treated like the main heading of a research report, that is, type the main heading using upper and lower case, and center it horizontally on the page. 1 Nocturnal emissions 12. The mean scores for the short, medium, and long retention intervals were 5. You could critically evaluate how one theory accounts for some data as compared to some other theory. Tables and figures are most often used to present results, but may also be used to present other information, such as the design or a theoretical schema.
A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism. In other words, whatever was found needs to be discussed. 5 Genital terminology 12. Since statistical tests are based on probability and can be in error, they do not really prove anything. You are also encouraged, when appropriate, to comment on the importance and relevance of your findings. This section can be lengthy (depending upon how much material is presented). Do not provide raw data unless, for some reason, you require a single subject approach. It is a good idea to precede the headings with a paragraph informing the reader of the logical organization (i.
You could critically evaluate how one theory accounts for some data as compared to some other theory. The running head is a shortened version of your paper’s title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation. This section is alphabetized by last name (of the first author involved in the study). Mean activity counts as a function of maternal diet and age of the rat at the time of testing. ) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism. Figures ‘Figures’ is the technical term for graphs, charts, drawings and pictures. Instead of the introduction, methods, results and discussion sections, there is an introduction, body and conclusions. On the next double spaced line is the author’s name and on the next double spaced line is the institutional affiliation. Second, it should make it easier for an instructor to grade students papers. When presenting nominal or ordinal data, give the percents rather than frequencies (since percents are independent of the sample size). For a journal reference, italicize the title of the journal and the volume number. In other words, whatever was found needs to be discussed. Figures ‘Figures’ is the technical term for graphs, charts, drawings and pictures.
Additional information about writing apa style:
For a journal reference, italicize the title of the journal and the volume number. Start off with a brief, non-technical summary of the results. 7 Masturbation 13. Start off with a brief, non-technical summary of the results. Thus, the data fail to support the notion of a drug effect on memory.
Since correlation doesn’t say much about causality, we could only conclude that there is a relationship between drug use and memory ability. Different types of information about your study are addressed in each of the sections, as described below. , do not insert any extra blank lines here). 187-192 of APA manual to learn more). A good recipe to work with when reporting the results of an experiment is (Dependent Variable) as a Function of (Independent Variable) or The Effects of (Independent Variable) on (Dependent Variable). The APA writing style has evolved through time and several changes have been adapted in response to the electronic information age.
After the author(s) comes the year (in parentheses and followed by a period). In cases where the reader would expect something to be significant and it is not, you should address the issue. You could describe a phenomenon, review an existing theory or present a new one. Note that exact p values are preferred. Note that there are no periods used after the table number or title.
Research Reviews
There are a number of kinds of research reviews. It starts out broad and becomes more and more specific.
That is, if something is not cited in the text, then it should not appear in this section. When presenting means, it is reasonable to use one additional digit of accuracy than what is contained in the raw data. Design Do not purposely start a new page for this section. Appendix 3 – Example Reference Section (below) manuscript page header page number References Anisman, H. Since you are writing for the scientific community, you can assume the reader will have a working knowledge of statistics. In other words, if the raw data consisted of whole numbers, then the means should contain one decimal place.
Simply center the word Discussion and continue typing on the very next double-spaced line (i
This section tells the reader where they can find these citations. Figures ‘Figures’ is the technical term for graphs, charts, drawings and pictures. Since this is not expected by the reader, it is a good idea to precede the subheadings with a paragraph informing the reader of the logical organization of this section. The Method section typically includes Participants, Materials and/or Apparatus, and Procedure sections. This guide includes links to the Writing Center's pages on APA style. Note the abstract for a research review should include the topic and purpose, the scope of the material covered, the sources used and the conclusions.
), Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol (Volume 2, pp
That is, clearly describe what it is you are testing and what significance means for the variables involved. Whatever the kind of review, the goal is to organize, integrate, and evaluate previous research in order to clarify a particular problem or issue. The word ‘figure’ and the number are italicized, for example, Figure 1. Note that figures are not typed, and so do not have a manuscript page header and page number. Your best bet is to set the tabs for the table or to use your word processor’s table generating ability.
Appendix 1 – Example Title Page (below)
Attitudes Towards Abortion 1 Running head: ABORTION ATTITUDES IN COLLEGE STUDENTS Attitudes Towards Abortion in Midwestern College Students Mark Plonsky University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point In partial fulfillment of the requirements for PSY389 Instructor’s Name Date Appendix 2 – Example Ways to Present Results (below) manuscript page header page number An examination of the number of hours of television viewing and the frequency of aggressive acts for each of the 60 children revealed a positive or direct correlation between television viewing and instances of aggressive behavior. Conclusions Finally, you need an ending section, in which, you summarize the main points you have made. Do not put the figure caption on the figure, since that is what the figure captions page is for.
Describe how the subjects were assigned to groups. That is, if something is not cited in the text, then it should not appear in this section. In other words, do not be afraid to be a little bit verbose in your table titles and figure captions. Procedure Do not purposely start a new page for this section. A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism.
It consists of the first two or three words of the title and is followed by the page number. Retrieved from the Web January 10, 2004. ), Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol (Volume 2, pp. Retrieved from the Web January 10, 2004. These subheadings should have meaning and relevance to the data and should help to organize your presentation of it. You are also encouraged, when appropriate, to comment on the importance and relevance of your findings.
The American Psychological Association or APA Writing Format is one of the most widely used formats in writing academic papers, particularly in the field of science. On the next line, begin typing normal paragraphs. In other words, they should not be organized by the type of analysis employed. This section can be lengthy (depending upon how much material is presented). Since statistical tests are based on probability and can be in error, they do not really prove anything. Third level headings (if necessary) are indented like the normal paragraphs that they start off. To learn more about transitioning into academic writing, view “What Is Academic Writing.
Type the appropriate title for this subsection flush with the left margin and italicize it. You could critically evaluate how one theory accounts for some data as compared to some other theory. You might find my Psychological Statistics Site helpful. In other words, emphasize any theoretical consequences of the results. Number of people arrested for drunken driving as related to the day of the week. , Table 1 displays the.
References Start on a new page
1) remembered more words on the memory test than the drugged group (M = 12. Tables and the figure captions page have a manuscript page header and page number just like all the other typed pages. Second level headings are flush left and italicized. ), Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol (Volume 2, pp.
Research Reviews
There are a number of kinds of research reviews. In other words, do not be afraid to be a little bit verbose in your table titles and figure captions.